Quranic studies often employ a methodology based on the comparative conceptual analysis of key terms and phrases—an approach that, by focusing on the pivotal vocabulary of the verses, helps uncover the semantic networks embedded within them. Adopting a descriptive-analytical and interdisciplinary approach, this article examines the exegesis of the phrase "tūaddū al-amānāt ilā ahlihā" (render the trusts to their rightful owners) from Surah An-Nisa, Verse 58, as interpreted by scholars from both major Islamic schools of thought. In an innovative step, the study correlates these exegetical findings with contemporary sociological theories—specifically Niklas Luhmann’s theory of "social differentiation" and discussions on "social trust." The research reveals that the interpretations from both Islamic schools regarding this verse can be categorized into four main approaches: an absolute conception of "trust" (*amānah*); interpreting trust as governance and leadership; construing it as divine teachings and knowledge; and focusing on identifying the rightful recipients of the trust (meritocracy). An interdisciplinary analysis of these perspectives demonstrates that Surah An-Nisa, Verse 58, transcends a mere moral injunction; rather, it seeks to establish a "trust-based governance system" grounded in specialized meritocracy and institutional justice—a model that offers valuable insights for analyzing and mitigating some of the most critical challenges concerning governance and social trust in contemporary societies.